The positioning system ontology is a vocabulary for describing positioning systems and the techniques these systems use to determine a position. With POSO we aim to provide semantic meaning on how a positioning system is deployed and how results are calculated.
This ontology has the following classes and properties.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/AbsolutePosition
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/Acceleration
Acceleration is the (instantaneous) rate of change of velocity.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/AngularAcceleration
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/AngularMotion
Angular motion around a certain origin point.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/AngularVelocity
Angular velocity is the momentum around a point of origin.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/Angulation
Angle-based positioning techniques are positioning techniques that use angles to determine a position.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/AuditoryLandmark
A spatial landmark that can be observed by sound.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/AxisAngleOrientation
The axis-angle orientation is an orientation representation where the x, y and z values are rotated with a certain angle.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/Beamforming
Beamforming is a signal processing technique that uses an array of antennas to form a directional beam of radio waves. By adjusting the direction of the beam and measuring the angle of arrival or departure of the signal, the position of a receiver can be estimated.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/BluetoothBeacon
A Bluetooth beacon is an RF landmark that advertises its transmission power and other optional information. Based on the signal strength receivers of this advertisement can determine the approximate distance.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/BluetoothReceiver
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/CalibrationMagnitudeProcedure
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/CalibrationOffsetProcedure
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/CalibrationProcedure
Calibration is the act of using sensor data obtained by a user to configure a system to output data with a reliable result.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/CellIdentification
Cell identification is a positioning procedure using the position of one landmark that is within the cell.
An example of cell identification is using the position of a Bluetooth beacon whenever this beacon has a high signal strength.
An example of cell identification is using the position of a QR-code when this code is scanned (and the user is presumably within a short distance).
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/DeadReckoning
Dead reckoning is the Procedure of calculating the current position of a moving FeatureOfInterest by using its previous position and Sensor Observation's indicating its heading and velocity.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/EulerOrder
The order in which to apply Euler rotations.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/EulerOrientation
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/Fingerprint
A fingerprint is a scene analysis at a particular absolute position.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/Fingerprinting
Fingerprinting is a positioning Procedure where sensor data is collected at a specific position and orientation. During the offline-stage of a positioning system, the significant data features are extracted and stored for that position. In the online-stage, the closest match(es) of the features are determined to predict the position.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/HighLevelFusion
High level sensor fusion is about fusing both objects and their trajectories. We're not only relying on detections, but also on predictions and tracking.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/HybridDeployment
A hybrid deployment covers an indoor and outdoor deployment.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/IndoorDeployment
Describes the spatial deployment of a System in an indoor environment.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/IndoorPositioningSystem
A positioning system that is meant to perform indoor positioning of a feature of interest.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/InertialPositioningSystem
An inertial positioning system is a positioning system employing accelerometers, gyroscopes, and computer as integral components to determine coordinates of points or objects relative to an initial known reference point
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/IntegratedPositioningSystem
An integrated positioning system is a positioning system that incorporates multiple positioning technologies.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/Landmark
A landmark is a feature with a known position, that can be used to identify the position of an object that has a relative position with this feature.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/Lateration
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/LinearAcceleration
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/LinearMotion
Linear motion along a certain axis.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/LinearVelocity
Linear velocity is the momentum along one ore more axis.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/LocationBasedService
A location based service (LBS) is a service that provides the location of a person or object. It provides this information without the required knowledge of the underlying technologies and algorithms.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/LowLevelFusion
Low Level Sensor Fusion is about fusing the raw data coming from multiple sensors. For example, we fuse point clouds coming from LiDARs and pixels coming from cameras.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/MagneticOdometry
Magnetic field odometry is the procedure of detecting movement by analyizing how the magnetic field is changing from one Observation to another.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/MidLevelFusion
Mid-Level sensor fusion is about fusing the objects detected independently on sensor data.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/Motion
Motion stimulus triggering an update of a position.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/Multilateration
Multilateration is the procedure of determining a position using relative distances to other known positions.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/NormalizationProcedure
Normalization procedure is a calibration procedure to normalize data.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/Odometry
Odometry is the Procedure of calculating the current position of a moving FeatureOfInterest by using its previous position and Sensor Observation's indicating its heading and velocity.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/OpticalPositioningSystem
An optical positioning system is a positioning system that determines the position of an object by means of the properties of light.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/Orientation
The orientation of a feature of interest in 2D or 3D space.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/OrientationOutput
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/OutdoorDeployment
Describes the deployment of a System in an outdoor environment.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/OutdoorPositioningSystem
An outdoor positioning system defines a system that is used to determine a position outside a building without specifying the underlying technology.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/PDR
Pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) is a positioning technique where the object is assumed to be a pedestrian that is walking or running. Using this knowledge, the dead reckoning involves the detection of steps and the step length to more accurately predict the movement.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/PolygonalAccuracy
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/Position
A position indicates where an entity is located.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/PositionOutput
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/PositioningPlatform
A positioning platform is a framework, architecture or platform used to develop and host a positioning system.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/PositioningSystem
A positioning system is a system of instrumental and computational components for determining position.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/PositioningTechnique
A positioning technique is a procedure to sample sensor data to an output position.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/Proximity
Stimulus whenever two Feature of Interests are within close proximity.
A Feature Of Interest can be within close proximity of another Feature Of Interest without movement whenever the other Feature moved wihin the proximity of the first Feature.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/QuaternionOrientation
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/RadioPropagation
The radio propagation formulas cover the computation of the radio waves through a medium (e.g. air).
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/RelativeAcceleration
A relative acceleration is a quantitative acceleration relative to another feature of interest.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/RelativeAngle
A relative angle is a quantitative angle relative to another feature of interest.
An example of relative angle is the Angle of Arrival.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/RelativeDistance
A relative distance is a quantitative distance relative to another feature of interest.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/RelativePosition
A relative position is a position of a feature of interest with respect to the positions of other objects that this position is relative to.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/RelativeSignalStrength
A relative signal strength is a received signal strength transmitted by another (RF) feature of interest.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/RelativeVelocity
A relative velocity is a quantitative velocity relative to another feature of interest.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/RadioFrequencyFingerprinting
Radio frequency fingerprinting or RF fingerprinting is a technique where RF signals are used to create a unique fingerprint at a current location.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/RFLandmark
A radio frequency landmark is a transmitting landmark that can be observed by its transmitting signals.
An RF landmark example is a Bluetooth beacon that sends out a signal. Receivers of this signal can use the known position of this landmark to determine their relative position.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/SatellitePositioningSystem
In this context, satellite positioning implies the use of radio signals transmitted from "active" artificial objects orbiting the Earth and received by "passive" instruments on or near the Earth's surface to determine position, velocity, and/or attitude of an object.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/SensorFusion
Sensor fusion is a procedure where multiple sensor data is combined to obtain a more reliable or accurate result.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/SensorInput
Sensor input is input data provided by a sosa:Sensor
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/SLAM
Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is the computational problem of constructing or updating a map of an unknown environment while simultaneously keeping track of an agent's location within it.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/SRS
An identifiable and observable spatial reference system that represents the System's ability to operate its primary purpose in a specified reference system.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/TrackedFeature
A feature of interest that is being tracked by a positioning system. This is the feature for which a position is observed.
The phone of a person that is being tracked in an indoor positioning system is the tracked feature.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/Triangulation
Triangulation is the procedure of determining a position using relative angles to a feature of interest with a known position.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/Trilateration
Trilateration is a positioning technique that uses exactly three reference points in 2D and four reference points in 3D to determine a position.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/Velocity
Linear or angular velocity of a feature.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/VirtualLandmark
A virtual landmark is a spatial landmark with a known absolute or relative position but which is not detectable by any sensors without additional context.
An example of a virtual landmark is a marker at a specific location.
Image features can be considered landmarks as they are used by odometry and VSLAM algorithms.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/VisualInput
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/VisualLandmark
A visual landmark is a feature of interest that visually present in the space.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/VisualOdometry
Visual odometry is the procedure of detecting movement by analyzing how visual features are moving from one Observation image frame to another.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/VSLAM
Visual simultaneous localisation and mapping (VSLAM) is a positioning techniques that uses visual imagery to map an environment. Positioning works by detecting features of interest in image frames and comparing how these features move from one frame to another.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/angle
Quantitative angle result value for axis-angle representation.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/hasAcceleration
Property that links a feature of interest to a unique acceleration property related to this feature.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/hasAccuracy
The accuracy of an entity.
has characteristics: functional
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/hasCRS
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/hasOrientation
Indicates the orientation of a feature of interest.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/hasPosition
Indicates the absolute or relative position of a feature of interest.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/hasRelativeDistance
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/hasRelativePosition
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/hasRSS
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/hasSRS
Identifies an entity that has a spatial reference system in order to interpret the result.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/hasVelocity
Indicates the velocity of a feature of interest.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/inDeployment
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/isAccelerationOf
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/isOrientationOf
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/isPositionOf
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/isRelativeTo
Indicates a position or orientation to be relative to another feature of interest.
A person can have a relative distance to another feature of interest. When a feature is moving (i.e. when the geometry changes based on time) the distance remains relative to the feature and not the geometry at a specific point in time.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/isVelocityOf
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/madeByProcedure
Input type outputted by another procedure
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/madeBySystem
A relation to a re-usable system that computed the observation.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/nutation
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/observesType
The relation between a system and an observable property class to identify that a system observes a specific type of property.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/order
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/pitch
Pitch is the rotation around the axis with respect to the object the yaw applies to.
has characteristics: functional
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/precession
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/roll
Roll is the rotation around the axis with respect to the object the roll applies to.
has characteristics: functional
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/scalar
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/spin
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/xAxisValue
Quantitative result value along the X-axis of a spatial sensor or result.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/yAxisValue
Quantitative result value along the Y-axis of a spatial sensor or result.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/yaw
Yaw is the rotation around the axis with respect to the object the yaw applies to.
has characteristics: functional
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/zAxisValue
Quantitative result value along the Z-axis of a spatial sensor.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/XYX
The Euler rotation order for proper Euler angles.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/XYZ
The Euler rotation (Tait–Bryan) order of X-axis, Y-axis, Z-axis.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/XZY
The Euler rotation (Tait–Bryan) order of X-axis, Y-axis, Z-axis.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/YXZ
The Euler rotation (Tait–Bryan) order of X-axis, Y-axis, Z-axis.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/YZX
The Euler rotation (Tait–Bryan) order of X-axis, Y-axis, Z-axis.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/YZY
The Euler rotation order for proper Euler angles.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/ZXY
The Euler rotation (Tait–Bryan) order of X-axis, Y-axis, Z-axis.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/ZXZ
The Euler rotation order for proper Euler angles.
IRI: http://purl.org/poso/ZYX
The Euler rotation (Tait–Bryan) order of X-axis, Y-axis, Z-axis.
The authors would like to thank Silvio Peroni for developing LODE, a Live OWL Documentation Environment, which is used for representing the Cross Referencing Section of this document and Daniel Garijo for developing Widoco, the program used to create the template used in this documentation.
An absolute position describes the position of an entity based on a fixed point in space. Usually this space is the Earth and the position is expressed in latitude and longitude.